ONE FORMULA, ONE ANSWER
Fully Restrained Thermal Stress Calculator
Check uniaxial thermal stress when a bar cannot expand. Choose input units and calculate one value within the stated conditions.
Inputs
Calculations run in this browser. Scientific notation such as 1.2e-3 is supported. Do not group thousands.
Result
Thermal stress, tension positive σ
Enter values and select Calculate.
σ = −E α ΔT
Assumptions
Use E>0. Assume uniform temperature change, complete uniaxial restraint, linear elasticity and small strain. Heating gives compression. Buckling, yielding, creep and partial restraint are excluded.
Displayed values are floating-point approximations. Measurement uncertainty and design safety factors are not calculated.
Formula references and credits
NaNa Lab created the code, descriptions, icons and preview images. Text, figures and code from the linked references have not been reproduced.
Physical constants: NIST / CODATA 2022. The values of μ₀ and ε₀ are measured recommendations, not exact defining constants. Values and precision notes are in the source record.
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